'Community-like Institution’ and ‘Institutionalized Community’: Reflection on the Implementation of Article 19 of the CRPD in China
Main Article Content
Keywords
community living, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, China
Abstract
With a major focus on the implementation of Article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in China, this paper examines the key elements of "community" that empower people with disabilities to live and, more importantly, actually participate and be included in the community.
References
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Donnelly, J. (2007). The relative universality of human rights. Human Rights Quarterly, 29(2), 281–306.
Örücü, E. (2002). Law as transposition. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 51(2), 205–223.
Fina, V. D., Cera, R., & Palmisano, G. (Eds.). (2017). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: A commentary. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43790-3
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Shenzhen Autism Society. (2021). “Daling” xinzhi zhangai zhe jiqi jiating de xianzhuang he xuqiu quanguo diaoyan [A nationwide research on the current situations and needs of adult with developmental disabilities and their families].
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van Dijk, P. (1995). Common standard of achievement. About universal validity and uniform interpretation of international human rights norms. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 13(2), 105-121.
Wang, Y.-T. (2013). Are adults with intellectual disabilities socially excluded? An exploratory study in Taiwan. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57(10), 893–902. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01574.x
Watson, A. (1983). Legal change: Sources of law and legal culture. Scholarly Works.
Wilt, C. L., Hirano, K., & Morningstar, M. E. (2021). Diverse perspectives on transition to adulthood among families: A qualitative exploration. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 32(1), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207320934098
Yamaki, C., & Yamazaki, Y. (2004). “Instruments,” “employees,” “companions,” “social assets”: Understanding relationships between persons with disabilities and their assistants in Japan. Disability & Society, 19(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/0968759032000155613
Yan, K., Accordino, M., Boutin, D., & Wilson, K. (2014). Disability and the Asian culture. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 45, 4–8. https://doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.45.2.4
Zola, I. K. (2005). Toward the necessary universalizing of a disability policy. The Milbank Quarterly, 83(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00436.x
Amado, A. N., Stancliffe, R. J., McCarron, M., & McCallion, P. (2013). Social inclusion and community participation of individuals with intellectual/developmental disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 51(5), 360–375. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-51.5.360
Autistic Minority International. (n.d.). Written contribution to the Day of General Discussion on “The Right of Persons with Disabilities to Live Independently and Be Included in the Community” of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Boelé, A. (2017). In search of community: Lessons from idealized independence for adults with disabilities. Harvard Educational Review, 87, 380–403. https://doi.org/10.17763/1943-5045-87.3.380
Chou, Y.-C. (2019). “My life in the institution” and “My life in the community”: Policies and practice in Taiwan. In Intellectual Disability in the Twentieth Century, pp. 165–176. Policy Press. https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/view/book/9781447344582/ch010.xml
Chou, Y.-C., Lin, L.-C., Pu, C.-Y., Lee, W.-P., & Chang, S.-C. (2008). Outcomes and costs of residential services for adults with intellectual disabilities in Taiwan: A comparative evaluation. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21(2), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2007.00373.x
Chou, Y.-C., Pu, C., Kröger, T., Lee, W., & Chang, S. (2011). Outcomes of a new residential scheme for adults with intellectual disabilities in Taiwan: A 2-year follow-up. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(9), 823–831. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01394.x
Chui, E. (2007). Changing norms and pragmatics of co-residence in East Asian countries. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 33(1), 1–24.
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. (2017). General Comment No. 5 on living independently and being included in the community (CRPD/C/GC/5).
Cummins, R. A., & Lau, A. L. D. (2003). Community integration or community exposure? A review and discussion in relation to people with an intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 16(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-3148.2003.00157.x
Donnelly, J. (1982). Human rights as natural rights. Human Rights Quarterly, 4(3), 391–405.
Donnelly, J. (1984). Cultural relativism and universal human rights. Human Rights Quarterly, 6(4), 400–419.
Donnelly, J. (1999). Human rights and Asian values: A defense of Western universalism. In J. R. Bauer & D. A. Bell (Eds.), The East Asian challenge for human rights. Cambridge University Press.
Donnelly, J. (2007). The relative universality of human rights. Human Rights Quarterly, 29(2), 281–306.
Örücü, E. (2002). Law as transposition. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 51(2), 205–223.
Fina, V. D., Cera, R., & Palmisano, G. (Eds.). (2017). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: A commentary. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43790-3
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. Anchor Books.
Hastrup, K. (2001). Human rights on common grounds: The quest for universality. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Hayashi, R., & Okuhira, M. (2008). The independent living movement in Asia: Solidarity from Japan. Disability & Society, 23(5), 417–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590802176991
Legrand, P. (1997). Impossibility of legal transplants. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, 4, 111.
Merry, S. E. (2009). Human rights and gender violence: Translating international law into local justice. University of Chicago Press.
Merry, S. E. (2010). What is legal culture? An anthropological perspective. Special Issue of Journal of Comparative Law, 5(2), 40.
Mertus, J. (1999). From legal transplants to transformative justice: Human rights and the promise of transnational civil society. American University International Law Review, 14(5).
Michaels, R. (2013). “One size can fit all” – On the mass production of legal transplants. In G. Frankenberg (Ed.), Order from transfer comparative constitutional design and legal culture. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Michele Graziadei. (2006). Comparative law as the study of transplants and receptions. In The Oxford handbook of comparative law (p. 441). Oxford University Press.
Milner, P., & Kelly, B. (2009). Community participation and inclusion: People with disabilities defining their place. Disability & Society, 24(1), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590802535410
Reichert, E. (2006). Human rights: An examination of universalism and cultural relativism. Journal of Comparative Social Welfare, 22(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486830500522997
Shany, Y. (2013). Taking universality seriously: A functional approach to extraterritoriality in international human rights law (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2324999). Social Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2324999
Shenzhen Association of Persons with Psychosocial Disabilities and Their Relatives and Friends. (2021). “Zhuyou suoju de quanli”: Shenzhen jingshen shouzhang zhe juzhu ji tuoyang xuqiu he xianzhuang diaoyan [The right to community living and housing: Research on the needs and status of housing, community living and caring for people with psychosocial disabilities in Shenzhen].
Shenzhen Autism Society. (2021). “Daling” xinzhi zhangai zhe jiqi jiating de xianzhuang he xuqiu quanguo diaoyan [A nationwide research on the current situations and needs of adult with developmental disabilities and their families].
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. (2007). Pub. L. No. A/RES/61/106.
van Dijk, P. (1995). Common standard of achievement. About universal validity and uniform interpretation of international human rights norms. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 13(2), 105-121.
Wang, Y.-T. (2013). Are adults with intellectual disabilities socially excluded? An exploratory study in Taiwan. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57(10), 893–902. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01574.x
Watson, A. (1983). Legal change: Sources of law and legal culture. Scholarly Works.
Wilt, C. L., Hirano, K., & Morningstar, M. E. (2021). Diverse perspectives on transition to adulthood among families: A qualitative exploration. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 32(1), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207320934098
Yamaki, C., & Yamazaki, Y. (2004). “Instruments,” “employees,” “companions,” “social assets”: Understanding relationships between persons with disabilities and their assistants in Japan. Disability & Society, 19(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/0968759032000155613
Yan, K., Accordino, M., Boutin, D., & Wilson, K. (2014). Disability and the Asian culture. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 45, 4–8. https://doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.45.2.4
Zola, I. K. (2005). Toward the necessary universalizing of a disability policy. The Milbank Quarterly, 83(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00436.x
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Jan 20, 2024
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Author Biography
Yi Huang, Shenzhen Autism Society; Raoul Wallenberg Institution of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Lund University
Dr. Yi Huang is a researcher at Shenzhen University in China. She holds a PhD in law from University of Leeds. Her main research areas include disability rights, anti-discrimination law, Chinese law, and legal culture. She is also the director of Shenzhen Autism Society, a civil society organization working on the social inclusion of people with developmental disabilities in China.