Cultural Etiologies of Disability in Ghana: A Case of Food Taboos in Pregnancy
Main Article Content
Keywords
Disability, Food Taboos, Pregnancy
Abstract
In Ghana, most food taboos have their foundations in religious and cultural philosophies which reinforces negative etiologies and understanding of disability. Employing secondary data and personal experience; this article examines food taboos across three ethnic groups in Ghana and their cognitively held correlation with disability in unborn children and infants.
References
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Adeyeye, S. A. O., Bolaji, O. T., Abegunde, T. A., & Adesina, T. O. (2020). Processing and utilization of snail meat in alleviating protein malnutrition in Africa: a review. Nutrition and Food Science, 50(6), 1085–1097. https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-08-2019-0261/FULL/PDF
Agbeka, G. N. (2020, February 16). Does “Wele” have nutrient or not? - The African Feed. The African Feed. https://www.theafricanfeed.com/does-wele-have-nutrient-or-not/
Agbodeka, F. (1997). The Ewes of Southeastern Ghana. Woeli Publishing Services.
Agyekum, K. (2006). The Sociolinguistic of Akan Personal Names. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 15(2), 206–235.
Amegovu, A. K., Mawadri, M., & Mandha, J. (2017). Nutritive Profile of Sun Dried Fermented Mud Fish (Clarias Anguiliaris) and Tiger Fish (Hydrocynus Vittatus) Locally Known as Abil Alier Sold in Markets in South Sudan. Food Science and Nutrition Studies, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.22158/FSNS.V1N1P1
Animalia. (2022a). Common Duiker - Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.bio. https://animalia.bio/common-duiker
Animalia. (2022b). Greater Cane Rat - Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.bio. https://animalia.bio/greater-cane-rat
Arzoaquoi, S. K., Essuman, E. E., Gbagbo, F. Y., Tenkorang, E. Y., Soyiri, I., & Laar, A. K. (2015). Motivations for food prohibitions during pregnancy and their enforcement mechanisms in a rural Ghanaian district. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-015-0044-0
Asi, L. N., & Teri, D. T. (2016). Influence of food taboos on nutritional patterns in rural communities in Cameroon. International Review of Social Research, 6(1), 35–39. https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2016-0005
Barton, L., & Oliver, M. (Eds.). (1997). Defending the Social Model. In Disability studies: past present and future (pp. 263–273). The Disability Press.
Bayat, M. (2014). Understanding views of disability in the Cote d’Ivoire. Disability and Society, 29(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2013.768954
Chakona, G., & Shackleton, C. (2019). Food taboos and cultural beliefs influence food choice and dietary preferences among pregnant women in the eastern Cape, South Africa. Nutrients, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112668
Cleaveri, N. (2003). Australian Mudfish (Action Statement) - Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (No. 115).
Dakubu, M. E. K. (1972). Linguistic Pre-History and Historical Reconstruction: The Ga-Adangme Migrations. Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 13(1), 87–111. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41405806?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
de la Cuesta, C. G., García, B. E., Córdoba, H., Diéguez, I., & Oehling, A. (1989). Food allergy to Helix terrestre (snail). Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 17(6), 337–339. https://europepmc.org/article/med/2483972
Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and Danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo (First). Penguin. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203361832
Douglas, M. (2002). Purity and Danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo (e-book). In Purity and Danger (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203361832
Dwyer, D., & Drakakis-Smith, D. (1996). Ethnicity and Development. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Ekwochi, U., Osuorah, C. D. I., Ndu, I. K., Ifediora, C., Asinobi, I. N., & Eke, C. B. (2016). Food taboos and myths in South Eastern Nigeria: The belief and practice of mothers in the region. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 12(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0079-x
Eton, S. E. (2022, May 24). Top Benefits Of Eating Snail During Pregnancy | Bornfertilelady. Parenting.Com. https://bornfertilelady.com/top-benefits-of-eating-snail-during-pregnancy/
Fagbuaro, O., Edward, J. B., & Ogunleye, R. F. (2006). Nutritional status of four species of giant land snails in Nigeria. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B , 7(9), 686–689. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2006.B0686
Field, M. J. (Margaret J. (1937). Religion and medicine of the Gã people [Book]. Oxford University Press.
Gadegbeku, C., Wayo, R., Badu, G. A., Nukpe, E., & Okai, A. (2019). Food taboos among residents at Ashongman-Accra, Ghana Food taboos among residents at Ashongman- Accra, Ghana. Food Science and Quality Management, 15(May), 21–30.
Getnet, W., Aycheh, W., & Tessema, T. (2018). Determinants of Food Taboos in the Pregnant Women of the Awabel District, East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State in Ethiopia. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9198076
GSS. (2012). 2010 Population and Housing Census. https://www.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/storage/img/marqueeupdater/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf
GSS. (2013). 2010 Population & Housing Census: National Analytical Report.
GSS. (2014). 2010 Population & Housing Census Report: Disability In Ghana.
GSS. (2022). Ghana 2021 Population and Housing Census (General Report 3F) - Difficulty in Performing Activities.
Guibernau, M., & Rex, J. (1999). The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration. Polity Press.
Hutchinson, J., & Smith, A. D. (1996). Ethnicity. Oxford University Press.
Imhoff, S. (2017). Why disability studies needs to take religion seriously. Religions, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8090186
Jori, F., Mensah, G. A., & Adjanohoun, E. (1995). Grasscutter production: an example of rational exploitation of wildlife. Biodiversity & Conservation 1995 4:3, 4(3), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055972
Kissi, S., Van Eck, E., & Dr, P. (2017). HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v73i3.4490
Kuzma, J., Paofa, D., Kaugla, N., Catherina, T., Samiak, S., & Kumei, E. (2013). Food taboos and traditional customs among pregnant women in Papua New Guinea: Missed opportunity for education in antenatal clinics | Contemporary PNG Studies. Informit. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.846982897061954
Lawrance, B. N. (2005). The Ewe of Togo and Benin (B. N. Lawrance (Ed.)). Woeli Publishing Services.
Leshota, P. L., & Sefotho, M. M. (2020). Being differently abled: Disability through the lens of hierarchy of binaries and Bitso-lebe-ke Seromo. African Journal of Disability, 9, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v9i0.643
Lu, X. T., Gu, Q. Y., Limpanont, Y., Song, L. G., Wu, Z. D., Okanurak, K., & Lv, Z. Y. (2018). Snail-borne parasitic diseases: an update on global epidemiological distribution, transmission interruption and control methods. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 7(28). https://doi.org/10.1186/S40249-018-0414-7
McCaskie, T. C. (1995). State and society in pre-colonial Asante. Cambridge University Press.
Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (2009). Food taboos: their origins and purposes. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 5(18), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-5-18
Naami, A. (2015). Disability, gender, and employment relationships in Africa: The case of Ghana . African Journal of Disability, 4(1), 1–11. https://ajod.org/index.php/ajod/article/view/95/287
Niyi, O. H. (2014). Nutritional and Functional Properties of African Wild Antelope (Antilocapra americana) Meat. In American Chemical Science Journal (Vol. 4, Issue 4). www.sciencedomain.org
Nyangweso, M. (2018). Disability in Africa : A Cultural / Religious Perspective. Peace, Human Rights Governance (PHRG), June. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325642373_Disability_in_Africa_A_CulturalReligious_Perspective
Ocran, J. (2019). Exposing the protected: Ghana’s disability laws and the rights of disabled people. Disability & Society, 34(4), 663–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2018.1556491
Onyekuru, N. J. A., Ume, C. O., Ezea, C. P., & Chukwuma Ume, N. N. (2020). Effects of Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak on Bush Meat Enterprise and Environmental Health Risk Behavior Among Households in South-East Nigeria. Journal of Primary Prevention, 41(6), 603–618. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10935-020-00619-8/TABLES/6
Opoku, M. P., Swabey, K., Pullen, D., & Dowden, T. (2019). Poverty alleviation among persons with disabilities via United Nations’ sustainable development goals in Ghana: Voices of stakeholders with disabilities. Sustainable Development, 27(1), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1899
Rathjen, N. A., Rogers, T. S., Garigan, T. P., & Seehusen, D. A. (2017). Management of postaxial polydactyly in the neonatal unit. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 117(11), 719–721. https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2017.138
Rattray, R. S., & Christaller, J. G. (1969). Ashanti proverbs: the primitive ethics of a savage people (R. S. (Robert S. Rattray & J. G. (Johann G. Christaller (Eds.)) [Book]. Clarendon Press.
Salihu, H., Isiaka, M., & Abdulaziz, I. (2019). The Growing Phenomenon of Money Rituals-Motivated Killings in Nigeria: An Empirical Investigation into the Factors Responsible. UKH Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.25079/ukhjss.v3n2y2019.pp32-44
Shakespeare, T. (1997). Cultural Representation of Disabled People: dustbins for disavowal? In L. Barton & M. Oliver (Eds.), Disability studies: past present and future (Vol. 3, pp. 217–233). The Disability Press.
Shorter, A. (1998). African Culture: An Overview. St. Paul Communications/Daughter of St Paul.
Sigmund, F. (2003). Totem and Taboo Some Points of Agreement Between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics / Sigmund Freud; Authorized Translation by James Strachey. Taylor & Francis.
Subramanian, M. (2012). Zoonotic disease risk and the bushmeat trade: Assessing awareness among hunters and traders in Sierra Leone. EcoHealth, 9(4), 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10393-012-0807-1/FIGURES/4
van Vliet, N., Nasi, R., & Taber, A. (2011). From the Forest to the Stomach: Bushmeat Consumption from Rural to Urban Settings in Central Africa. In Non-Timber Forest Products in the Global Context (pp. 129–145). Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17983-9_6
Wagner, R. (1981). The Invention of Culture. University of Chicago Press.
Weyant, J. (2022). Can You Eat Mudfish? Where Can You Find The Mudfish? Fishing Hand. https://fishinghand.com/can-you-eat-mudfish/
Whitehead, H. (2003). Food Rules: Hunting, Sharing, and Tabooing Game in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Ritual Studies, 17(2), 98–104. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44368996.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A171678f8a82bb5f34a32e47f1ab318d0
WHO. (2022, January 8). Schistosomiasis. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis
Wright, B. A. P. (1960). Physical disability : a psychological approach [Book]. Harper.
ACAAI. (2022). Fish Allergy | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website. American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/food/fish/
Adeyeye, S. A. O., Bolaji, O. T., Abegunde, T. A., & Adesina, T. O. (2020). Processing and utilization of snail meat in alleviating protein malnutrition in Africa: a review. Nutrition and Food Science, 50(6), 1085–1097. https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-08-2019-0261/FULL/PDF
Agbeka, G. N. (2020, February 16). Does “Wele” have nutrient or not? - The African Feed. The African Feed. https://www.theafricanfeed.com/does-wele-have-nutrient-or-not/
Agbodeka, F. (1997). The Ewes of Southeastern Ghana. Woeli Publishing Services.
Agyekum, K. (2006). The Sociolinguistic of Akan Personal Names. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 15(2), 206–235.
Amegovu, A. K., Mawadri, M., & Mandha, J. (2017). Nutritive Profile of Sun Dried Fermented Mud Fish (Clarias Anguiliaris) and Tiger Fish (Hydrocynus Vittatus) Locally Known as Abil Alier Sold in Markets in South Sudan. Food Science and Nutrition Studies, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.22158/FSNS.V1N1P1
Animalia. (2022a). Common Duiker - Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.bio. https://animalia.bio/common-duiker
Animalia. (2022b). Greater Cane Rat - Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.bio. https://animalia.bio/greater-cane-rat
Arzoaquoi, S. K., Essuman, E. E., Gbagbo, F. Y., Tenkorang, E. Y., Soyiri, I., & Laar, A. K. (2015). Motivations for food prohibitions during pregnancy and their enforcement mechanisms in a rural Ghanaian district. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-015-0044-0
Asi, L. N., & Teri, D. T. (2016). Influence of food taboos on nutritional patterns in rural communities in Cameroon. International Review of Social Research, 6(1), 35–39. https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2016-0005
Barton, L., & Oliver, M. (Eds.). (1997). Defending the Social Model. In Disability studies: past present and future (pp. 263–273). The Disability Press.
Bayat, M. (2014). Understanding views of disability in the Cote d’Ivoire. Disability and Society, 29(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2013.768954
Chakona, G., & Shackleton, C. (2019). Food taboos and cultural beliefs influence food choice and dietary preferences among pregnant women in the eastern Cape, South Africa. Nutrients, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112668
Cleaveri, N. (2003). Australian Mudfish (Action Statement) - Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (No. 115).
Dakubu, M. E. K. (1972). Linguistic Pre-History and Historical Reconstruction: The Ga-Adangme Migrations. Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 13(1), 87–111. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41405806?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
de la Cuesta, C. G., García, B. E., Córdoba, H., Diéguez, I., & Oehling, A. (1989). Food allergy to Helix terrestre (snail). Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 17(6), 337–339. https://europepmc.org/article/med/2483972
Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and Danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo (First). Penguin. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203361832
Douglas, M. (2002). Purity and Danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo (e-book). In Purity and Danger (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203361832
Dwyer, D., & Drakakis-Smith, D. (1996). Ethnicity and Development. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Ekwochi, U., Osuorah, C. D. I., Ndu, I. K., Ifediora, C., Asinobi, I. N., & Eke, C. B. (2016). Food taboos and myths in South Eastern Nigeria: The belief and practice of mothers in the region. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 12(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0079-x
Eton, S. E. (2022, May 24). Top Benefits Of Eating Snail During Pregnancy | Bornfertilelady. Parenting.Com. https://bornfertilelady.com/top-benefits-of-eating-snail-during-pregnancy/
Fagbuaro, O., Edward, J. B., & Ogunleye, R. F. (2006). Nutritional status of four species of giant land snails in Nigeria. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B , 7(9), 686–689. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2006.B0686
Field, M. J. (Margaret J. (1937). Religion and medicine of the Gã people [Book]. Oxford University Press.
Gadegbeku, C., Wayo, R., Badu, G. A., Nukpe, E., & Okai, A. (2019). Food taboos among residents at Ashongman-Accra, Ghana Food taboos among residents at Ashongman- Accra, Ghana. Food Science and Quality Management, 15(May), 21–30.
Getnet, W., Aycheh, W., & Tessema, T. (2018). Determinants of Food Taboos in the Pregnant Women of the Awabel District, East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State in Ethiopia. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9198076
GSS. (2012). 2010 Population and Housing Census. https://www.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/storage/img/marqueeupdater/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf
GSS. (2013). 2010 Population & Housing Census: National Analytical Report.
GSS. (2014). 2010 Population & Housing Census Report: Disability In Ghana.
GSS. (2022). Ghana 2021 Population and Housing Census (General Report 3F) - Difficulty in Performing Activities.
Guibernau, M., & Rex, J. (1999). The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration. Polity Press.
Hutchinson, J., & Smith, A. D. (1996). Ethnicity. Oxford University Press.
Imhoff, S. (2017). Why disability studies needs to take religion seriously. Religions, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8090186
Jori, F., Mensah, G. A., & Adjanohoun, E. (1995). Grasscutter production: an example of rational exploitation of wildlife. Biodiversity & Conservation 1995 4:3, 4(3), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055972
Kissi, S., Van Eck, E., & Dr, P. (2017). HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v73i3.4490
Kuzma, J., Paofa, D., Kaugla, N., Catherina, T., Samiak, S., & Kumei, E. (2013). Food taboos and traditional customs among pregnant women in Papua New Guinea: Missed opportunity for education in antenatal clinics | Contemporary PNG Studies. Informit. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.846982897061954
Lawrance, B. N. (2005). The Ewe of Togo and Benin (B. N. Lawrance (Ed.)). Woeli Publishing Services.
Leshota, P. L., & Sefotho, M. M. (2020). Being differently abled: Disability through the lens of hierarchy of binaries and Bitso-lebe-ke Seromo. African Journal of Disability, 9, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v9i0.643
Lu, X. T., Gu, Q. Y., Limpanont, Y., Song, L. G., Wu, Z. D., Okanurak, K., & Lv, Z. Y. (2018). Snail-borne parasitic diseases: an update on global epidemiological distribution, transmission interruption and control methods. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 7(28). https://doi.org/10.1186/S40249-018-0414-7
McCaskie, T. C. (1995). State and society in pre-colonial Asante. Cambridge University Press.
Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (2009). Food taboos: their origins and purposes. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 5(18), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-5-18
Naami, A. (2015). Disability, gender, and employment relationships in Africa: The case of Ghana . African Journal of Disability, 4(1), 1–11. https://ajod.org/index.php/ajod/article/view/95/287
Niyi, O. H. (2014). Nutritional and Functional Properties of African Wild Antelope (Antilocapra americana) Meat. In American Chemical Science Journal (Vol. 4, Issue 4). www.sciencedomain.org
Nyangweso, M. (2018). Disability in Africa : A Cultural / Religious Perspective. Peace, Human Rights Governance (PHRG), June. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325642373_Disability_in_Africa_A_CulturalReligious_Perspective
Ocran, J. (2019). Exposing the protected: Ghana’s disability laws and the rights of disabled people. Disability & Society, 34(4), 663–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2018.1556491
Onyekuru, N. J. A., Ume, C. O., Ezea, C. P., & Chukwuma Ume, N. N. (2020). Effects of Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak on Bush Meat Enterprise and Environmental Health Risk Behavior Among Households in South-East Nigeria. Journal of Primary Prevention, 41(6), 603–618. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10935-020-00619-8/TABLES/6
Opoku, M. P., Swabey, K., Pullen, D., & Dowden, T. (2019). Poverty alleviation among persons with disabilities via United Nations’ sustainable development goals in Ghana: Voices of stakeholders with disabilities. Sustainable Development, 27(1), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1899
Rathjen, N. A., Rogers, T. S., Garigan, T. P., & Seehusen, D. A. (2017). Management of postaxial polydactyly in the neonatal unit. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 117(11), 719–721. https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2017.138
Rattray, R. S., & Christaller, J. G. (1969). Ashanti proverbs: the primitive ethics of a savage people (R. S. (Robert S. Rattray & J. G. (Johann G. Christaller (Eds.)) [Book]. Clarendon Press.
Salihu, H., Isiaka, M., & Abdulaziz, I. (2019). The Growing Phenomenon of Money Rituals-Motivated Killings in Nigeria: An Empirical Investigation into the Factors Responsible. UKH Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.25079/ukhjss.v3n2y2019.pp32-44
Shakespeare, T. (1997). Cultural Representation of Disabled People: dustbins for disavowal? In L. Barton & M. Oliver (Eds.), Disability studies: past present and future (Vol. 3, pp. 217–233). The Disability Press.
Shorter, A. (1998). African Culture: An Overview. St. Paul Communications/Daughter of St Paul.
Sigmund, F. (2003). Totem and Taboo Some Points of Agreement Between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics / Sigmund Freud; Authorized Translation by James Strachey. Taylor & Francis.
Subramanian, M. (2012). Zoonotic disease risk and the bushmeat trade: Assessing awareness among hunters and traders in Sierra Leone. EcoHealth, 9(4), 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10393-012-0807-1/FIGURES/4
van Vliet, N., Nasi, R., & Taber, A. (2011). From the Forest to the Stomach: Bushmeat Consumption from Rural to Urban Settings in Central Africa. In Non-Timber Forest Products in the Global Context (pp. 129–145). Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17983-9_6
Wagner, R. (1981). The Invention of Culture. University of Chicago Press.
Weyant, J. (2022). Can You Eat Mudfish? Where Can You Find The Mudfish? Fishing Hand. https://fishinghand.com/can-you-eat-mudfish/
Whitehead, H. (2003). Food Rules: Hunting, Sharing, and Tabooing Game in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Ritual Studies, 17(2), 98–104. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44368996.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A171678f8a82bb5f34a32e47f1ab318d0
WHO. (2022, January 8). Schistosomiasis. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis
Wright, B. A. P. (1960). Physical disability : a psychological approach [Book]. Harper.
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Author Biography
Francisca Adom-Opare, Centre for African Studies, University of Edinburgh
Francisca Adom-Opare is based in the School of Social and Political Science.
Her research employs a mixed methods, multi-methods design in critically examining the conceptualisation, framings and practicalities of disability inclusion in Ghana. Drawing from different disability typologies and gender, she employs feminist and participatory approaches within digitisation, visual anthropology, and 'traditional' methods such as interviews in unearthing how disability is understood by different people and the role of conceptualisation and data in practical inclusivity.