The Gift
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Keywords
Paul Wittgenstein, Maurice Ravel, one-handed pianists
Abstract
This paper, invoking Mauss, will describe a series of musical gifts given to and by Paul Wittgenstein (1887-1961), celebrated one-armed pianist.
In 1915, after losing an arm in the war, Wittgenstein was given a remarkable gift: His teacher, the blind organist and composer Josef Labor (1842-1924), presented Wittgenstein with three newly-composed works for a one-armed pianist. Wittgenstein promptly reciprocated Labor’s gift by performing these works near Prague. Far more significantly: Wittgenstein’s response to Labor’s gift was not limited to playing these works. A gift “receives its meaning… from the response it triggers” (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 5), and Wittgenstein answered Labor’s gift by devoting the rest of his life to being a one-armed concert artist. Wittgenstein’s long career can be seen as reciprocation for Labor’s original gift. But Wittgenstein has given us a gift, as well. Wittgenstein was “intrigued with how genius would handle this unusual problem” (Flindell, 1971 p. 114), and between 1923 and 1950, he commissioned works from numerous composers (R. Strauss, Britten, Prokofieff, others), the most important of which was by Ravel.
Ravel’s concerto not only demands breath-taking virtuosity from the soloist (most of the Wittgenstein repertoire does this), but also involved structural complexities not found in the standard repertoire (Kingsbury pp. 56-59). However: Ravel rather intensely disliked Wittgenstein’s manner of playing, and in 1936 Ravel assigned his concerto to a two-handed pianist. Nowadays, the “Wittgenstein repertoire” is mainstream repertoire. This repertoire is Wittgenstein’s answer to Labor’s original gift, but it is also Wittgenstein’s gift to us all.
References
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Kingsbury, H. (1998) Music, talent, and performance: A conservatory cultural system. Philadelphia: Temple University Press
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Henry Kingsbury, Pianist and Ethnomusicologist
Henry Kingsbury, pianist-ethnomusicologist, was born in 1943. He was educated at Oberlin College, the Peabody Conservatory, University of Michigan, and Indiana University. He has held music-academic positions at Oberlin, Elizabeth City State College, Clemson, Tufts, and Brown Universities, and UMass/Boston. His academic career was cut short after a 1991 mishap with brain surgery left him with a welter of physical and neurological disabilities. He says that the most tumultuous event of his life was his ten-year lawsuit vs. Brown University under the Americans with Disabilities Act. He is the author of two books: Music, Talent, and Performance (Temple University Press, 1988), and The Truth of Music, 2005, Full Court Press). The latter book deals with his ADA litigation, and is the source of his essay, "The Gift."