Holier than Thou: Stigma and the Kokuas of the Kalaupapa Settlement

Main Article Content

Akira Oakaokalani Ruddle-Miyamoto
Ron Amundson

Keywords

Damien, leprosy, Hansen’s Disease, Moloka’i, kokuas, Kalaupapa, stigmatization

Abstract

This paper examines the intimate connection between stigmatization and concepts of race surrounding leprosy in 19th century Hawaii. This connection is revealed by consideration of the contrasting treatment of Father Damien and Native Hawaiian kokuas at the Moloka‘i settlement in the Western media. Demonstrating how prevailing prejudices affect stigmatization.  

Abstract 276 | PDF Downloads 158 Word Downloads 110 Text Downloads 134

References

A Hawaiian government school teacher. (1897-1898). Should we annex leprosy? Cosmopolitan: A Monthly Illustrated Magazine, 24, 557-61.

Amundson, R., & Ruddle-Miyamoto, A. O. (in press). A wholesome horror: The stigmas of leprosy in 19th century Hawaii.

Barkan, E. (1992). The retreat from scientific racism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Bliss, W. R. (1873). Paradise in the Pacific: A book of travel, adventure, and facts in the Sandwich Islands. New York: Sheldon & Co.

Father Damien. (2010). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Damien

Gibson, W. M. (1873, March 14). The lepers and their home on Moloka'i. Nuhou [The Hawaiian News].

Hagan, M. (1883). Leprosy in the Hawaiian Islands. Southern California Practitioner, 1, 85-90.

Handy, E. S. C., & Pukui, M. K. (1972). The Polynesian family system in Ka'u, Hawaii. Rutland, VA: Charles E. Tuttle.

The Hawaiian leper colony: Molokai Island and its disease-stricken inhabitants. (1894). New York Times. Retrieved from http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C00EFDE1630E033A2575BC0A9629C94659ED7CF.

Herman, R. D. K. (2001). Out of sight, out of mind, out of power: Leprosy, race, and colonization in Hawaii. Journal of Historical Geography, 27, 319-337 .

Inglis, K. (2004). "A land set apart": Disease, displacement, & death at Makanalua, Moloka'i (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI.

Inglis, K. (2005). Kokua, mana, and malama ‘aina: Exploring concepts of health, disease, and medicine in 19th-century Hawai‘i . Hulili: Multidisciplinary Research on Hawaiian Well-Being, 2, 205-227.

Kamakau, S. M. (1993). Tales and traditions of the people of old (M. Kawena Pukui, Trans.) Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press.

Kanahele, G. S. (1999). Emma: Hawaii's remarkable queen. Honolulu, HI: Queen Emma Foundation.

Lee, S. M. (2000). From colonialism to immigration: The French school in Francophone African fiction. In B. Lang (Ed.), Race and racism in theory and practice (pp. 177-186). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Mouritz, A. A. St. M. (1916). Path of the destroyer: A history of leprosy in the Hawaiian Islands, and thirty years' research into the means by which it has been spread. Honolulu, HI: Honolulu Star Bulletin (publisher).

Musick, J. R. (1898). Hawaii: Our new possessions. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company.

Pandya, S. S. (1998). Anti-contagionism in leprosy, 1844-1897. International Journal of Leprosy and Other Myobacterial Diseases, 66, 374-384.

Provine, W. B. (1986). Geneticists and race. American Zoologist, 26, 857-888.

Sato, H., & Frantz, J. E. (2005). Termination of the leprosy isolation policy in the U.S. and Japan: Science, policy changes, and the garbage can model. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 5(3). doi:10.1186/1472-698X-5-3

Shankar, S. (2007). Medical missionaries and modernizing emirs in colonial Hausaland: Leprosy control and native authority in the 1930s. Journal of African History, 48, 45-68.

Stannard, D. E. (1989). Before the horror: The population of Hawaii on the eve of Western contact. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.

Stocking, Jr. G. W. (1994). The turn-of-the-century concept of race. Modernism/Modernity, 1, 4-16.

Tayman, J. ( 2006). The colony: The harrowing true story of the exiles on Moloka'i. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Tebb, W. (1893). The recrudescence of leprosy and its causation. London: Swan Sonnenschein.

Woods, G. W. (1887, September 9). The demographic effects of introduced diseases, and especially leprosy, upon the Hawaiian people. Paper presented at the section on medical climatology and demography of the Ninth International Medical Congress, Washington, D.C. (Proceedings published 1887, Philadelphia, PA: W. F. Fell.