Why Can’t Deaf-Mute People Be Cadres?: Disability Advocacy and Bureaucracies in 1980s China
Main Article Content
Keywords
labor, bureaucracy, advocacy
Abstract
Analyzing official disability magazines, this article argues that China’s state-sponsored disability organization in the 1980s curated a space for persons with disabilities to publicly express grievances, among which labor was a central concern. This history shows that intensified bureaucratization may have marginalized persons with disabilities within the very institution meant to serve them.
References
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Chen, A., & Wang, J. (1982). Longyaren maihua shi haoyiwulaode xingwei [Deaf-mute painting-selling is indolent]. Chinese Deaf People, 3, 8.
Chen, X. (2011). Social Protest and Contentious Authoritarianism in China. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139053310
Chen, X., & Xu, P. (2009). From Resistance to Advocacy: Political Representation for Disabled People in China. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1463481
Cui, F., Cong, C., Qiaoxian, X., & Chang, X. (2019). Equal participation of persons with disabilities in the development of disability policy on accessibility in China. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 65(5), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2019.1664842
Dai, R., & Hu, L. (2022). Inclusive communications in COVID-19: A virtual ethnographic study of disability support network in China. Disability & Society, 37(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2021.1933388
Damin. (1984). Zaitan yaowei longren paiyoujiechou [Revisiting problem-solving for deaf people]. Chinese Deaf People, 3, 30.
Dauncey, S. (2020). Disability in Contemporary China: Citizenship, Identity and Culture. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316339879
Deng, F. (1982). Wozhichi maihuaderen [I support the painting-sellers]. Chinese Deaf People, 3, 9.
Dixon, J. (1981a). The Chinese welfare system, 1949-1979. Praeger.
Dixon, J. (1981b). The welfare of the handicapped in the People’s Republic of China. Journal of Rehabilitation, 47(2), 66–71.
Dreyer, J. T. (2008). China’s political system: Modernization and tradition. Pearson Longman.
Du, X., Wu, C., & Zhou, C. (1986). Weishenme longyaren buneng dangganbu? [Why can’t deaf-mute people be cadres?]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 3, 2.
Hallett, S. (2019). Objects of pity or subjects of rights? Disability and human rights in the People’s Republic of China. In S. Biddulph & J. Rosenzweig (Eds.), Handbook on Human Rights in China (pp. 208–231). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786433688.00020
He, G. (1982). Fensanjiuyede longren hunyinwenti nanjiejue [Marriage of dispersely employed deaf people is difficult]. Chinese Deaf People, 2, 29.
Huang, J., Guo, B., & Bricout, J. C. (2009). From Concentration to Dispersion: The Shift in Policy Approach to Disability Employment in China. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 20(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207308325008
Huang, S. (2019). Ten years of the CRPD’s adoption in China: Challenges and opportunities. Disability & Society, 34(6), 1004–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1604384
Huang, S. (2020). International Rights and Local Realities: Transnational Allies of the Disability Rights Movement in China. In A. C. Carey, J. M. Ostrove, & T. Fannon (Eds.), Research in Social Science and Disability (pp. 19–39). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-354720200000012004
Huang, S. (2021). From State Humanitarianism to Equal Citizens: The Making of Disability Subjects in China. Made in China Journal, 6(1), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.22459/MIC.06.01.2021.10
Huang, S. (2022). Activating disability care: The formation of collective disability care networks in China’s COVID-19 outbreak. Disability & Society, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2022.2045188
Huang, Y., & Chen, B. (2022). Disability Rights Advocacy in China: Inclusive Education, Civil Society, and Mobilizing Ideas. In M. H. Rioux, J. Viera, A. Buettgen, & E. Zubrow (Eds.), Handbook of Disability (pp. 1–14). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1278-7_5-1
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Jing, X. (1986). Wenxixian mouxiefulichang buneng zhengqueduidai canjiren [Some welfare factories in Wenxi failed to treat disabled people appropriately]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 5, 3.
Jing, X. (1987). Jieshoupiping gaijingongzuo [Accepting criticisms, improving work]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 4, 3.
Judd, E. R. (2002). The Chinese women’s movement between state and market. Stanford University Press.
Kohrman, M. (2005). Bodies of difference: Experiences of disability and institutional advocacy in the making of modern China. University of California Press.
Lei, Y. (2018). The contentious public sphere: Law, media, and authoritarian rule in China. Princeton University Press.
Li, S. (1982). Zenyangkandai shehuifuligongchang zai zhengdunzhongde yixiewenti [How to understand the problems of social welfare factories under reform]. Chinese Deaf People, 3, 2–3.
Li, Z. (1985). Xinnianzhi duzhezuozhe [New-year messages to readers and authors]. Chinese Deaf People, 1, 1.
Li, Z. (1988). Manglongzhiyin dezuji [Journey of Voices]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 12, 2–4.
Liao, H., & Luo, G. (2010). Cong guojia dao shichang—Zhongguodalu canjiren jizhongjiuye zhengcebianqian (1949~ 2007) [From State to Market—Policy Change in Disabled People’s Concentrated Employment in Mainland China]. Learning and Practice, 10, 94–100.
Liao, J. (2020). The quota system for employment of people with disabilities in China: Policy, practice, barriers, and ways forward. Disability & Society, 36(2), 326–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2020.1833311
Lin, Z. (2021). Writing down our happiness and dreams: Essay contest and the statist narratives of deaf identity in China. Disability & Society, 36(1), 38–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2020.1715923
Lu, X., & Perry, E. J. (Eds.). (1997). Danwei: The changing Chinese workplace in historical and comparative perspective. M. E. Sharpe.
Ma, Y. (1988). Taiyuan mangrenlongyarenjulebu kaifang [Taiyuan blind and deaf-mutes’ club is open]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 3, 5.
Ma, Z. (2020). Promises and perils of Guan. Medicine Anthropology Theory, 7(2), 150–174. https://doi.org/10.17157/mat.7.2.747
Ma, Z., & Ni, Z. (2020). Hero With Zeroes?: Tensions of Using an Anti-Discrimination Framework and an Impact Case Approach for Disability Rights Advocacy in China. Disability Studies Quarterly, 40(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v40i4.7039
Meng, Z. (1982). Yaozhanling baxiaoshiyiwai zhendi [Occupy the battlefield outside the eight hours]. Chinese Deaf People, 6, 11.
Nanjing Association. (1982). Longyarenmaihua buhefa [Deaf-mute painting-selling is illegal]. Chinese Deaf People, 4, 11–12.
Pan, Y., He, S., & and total 13 disabled people. (1990). Canjiren zijineng jiancanlian ma? [Can disabled people ourselves form federations?]. Disability in China, 4, 8.
Perry, E. J. (2002). Challenging the mandate of Heaven: Social protest and state power in China. M.E. Sharpe.
Shakespeare, T. (2013). The social model of disability. In L. J. Davis (Ed.), The Disability Studies Reader (4th ed., pp. 197–204). Routledge.
Shi, G. (1999). Fuli shengchan yu fuli shiye wushinian [50 Years of Welfare Production and Welfare Programs]. Chinese Civil Affairs, 8, 42–43.
Stein, M. A. (2010). China and Disability Rights. Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 33(1), 7–26.
Stone, E. V. (1998). Reforming disability in China: A study in disability and development [PhD Dissertation, The University of Leeds]. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2293/1/Stone_EV_Sociology_Social_Policy_East_Asian_PhD_1998.pdf
The Association. (1986). Guanyu zhengding 1987nian manglongzhiyin detongzhi [Notice on the call for subscription for 1987 Voices]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 10, 32.
Tsai, W.-H., & Liao, X. (2021). Institutional Changes, Influences and Historical Junctures in the Communist Youth League of China. The China Quarterly, 248(S1), 161–180. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741021000813
Unger, J., & Chan, A. (1995). China, corporatism, and the East Asian model. The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 33, 29–53.
Voices. (1982). Bianzhedehua [Editor’s words]. Chinese Deaf People, 1, 31.
Voices. (1983a). Duzhelaixin zhaibian [Selected readers’ letters]. Chinese Deaf People, 4, 31.
Voices. (1983b). Yongqinlaode shuangshou kaichuang meihaode shenghuo [Create a beautiful life with hard-working hands]. Chinese Deaf People, 1, 13–16.
Voices. (1986a). Dao xingdongde shihoule [It’s time to take actions]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 1, 2.
Voices. (1986b). Manglongzhiyin yuekan zhengqiu 1987nian dinghu [Voices magazine calling for 1987 subscribers]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 10, 32.
Voices. (1986c). Shenyang fushizhang jiumangrenzhigong fangchangjiawenti zuochu sandianzhishi [Shenyang vice mayor’s three instructions regarding the issue of blind workers on long holidays]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 1, 4.
Voices. (1986d). Taiyuanshi mangren longyaren julebu yingjinkuai tuihuan [Taiyuan blind and deaf-mutes’ club should be returned promptly]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 1, 2–3.
Voices. (1987). Wenguo zexihao [Making up for mistakes is great]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 4, 4.
Wang, Y. (1987). Chuyi canjiren jingji wenti [Brief discussion on disabled people’s economic problem]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 7, 4–5.
Wang, Z. (1988). Zuohao canjiren xinfanggongzuo [Improve work regarding disabled people’s peititoning]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 9, 4.
Wei, C., & Lu, Q. (1982). Jianyizhizhi zhezhong “maihua”xianxiang [Suggest to stop such “painting-selling” phenomenon]. Chinese Deaf People, 1, 29.
Wu, C., Yan, A., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Wu, M., & Li, Y. (1982). Yaoqiuguihuan julebu [Demand to return the club]. Chinese Deaf People, 3, 31.
Wu, X., & Wu, W. (2022). Mapping the development of disabled people’s organizations in China: Main types and current status. Disability & Society, 37(2), 351–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2021.1989667
Xin, M. (1986). Qingzunzhong tamende pingdengquanli [Please respect their equal rights]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 3, 2.
Yan, S. (1988). Zhiduzhe [To readers]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 12, 1.
Yin, M. (1982). Lingdaozhongshi jiunengjiejue [As long as leaders care, it can be resolved]. Chinese Deaf People, 6, 12.
Yue, B. (1986). Shehuifulichangde mingyushi [The name and truth of social welfare factories]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 5, 2–3.
Zeng, Z. (1986). Gaikanhoude manglongzhiyin rengcezhong longren [New Voices still prioritizes deaf people]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 1, 27.
Zhang, C. (2017). ‘Nothing about us without us’: The emerging disability movement and advocacy in China. Disability & Society, 32(7), 1096–1101. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2017.1321229
Zhang, N. (1986). Fangmeisanji [Essay on visiting America]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 3, 26–27.
Zhang, P., & Guan, H. (1990). Longren nengfou jincanlian gongzuo [Can deaf people work at the federation?]. Disability in China, 4, 8.
Zhao, S. (1982). Xuanyalema, youweiweiwan [It’s not too late to stop]. Chinese Deaf People, 3, 9.
Zhu, Y. (1982). Longyaren hejianquanren keyijiehunma? [Can deaf-mute and able-bodied people get married?]. Chinese Deaf People, 4, 31.
Chen, A., & Wang, J. (1982). Longyaren maihua shi haoyiwulaode xingwei [Deaf-mute painting-selling is indolent]. Chinese Deaf People, 3, 8.
Chen, X. (2011). Social Protest and Contentious Authoritarianism in China. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139053310
Chen, X., & Xu, P. (2009). From Resistance to Advocacy: Political Representation for Disabled People in China. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1463481
Cui, F., Cong, C., Qiaoxian, X., & Chang, X. (2019). Equal participation of persons with disabilities in the development of disability policy on accessibility in China. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 65(5), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2019.1664842
Dai, R., & Hu, L. (2022). Inclusive communications in COVID-19: A virtual ethnographic study of disability support network in China. Disability & Society, 37(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2021.1933388
Damin. (1984). Zaitan yaowei longren paiyoujiechou [Revisiting problem-solving for deaf people]. Chinese Deaf People, 3, 30.
Dauncey, S. (2020). Disability in Contemporary China: Citizenship, Identity and Culture. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316339879
Deng, F. (1982). Wozhichi maihuaderen [I support the painting-sellers]. Chinese Deaf People, 3, 9.
Dixon, J. (1981a). The Chinese welfare system, 1949-1979. Praeger.
Dixon, J. (1981b). The welfare of the handicapped in the People’s Republic of China. Journal of Rehabilitation, 47(2), 66–71.
Dreyer, J. T. (2008). China’s political system: Modernization and tradition. Pearson Longman.
Du, X., Wu, C., & Zhou, C. (1986). Weishenme longyaren buneng dangganbu? [Why can’t deaf-mute people be cadres?]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 3, 2.
Hallett, S. (2019). Objects of pity or subjects of rights? Disability and human rights in the People’s Republic of China. In S. Biddulph & J. Rosenzweig (Eds.), Handbook on Human Rights in China (pp. 208–231). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786433688.00020
He, G. (1982). Fensanjiuyede longren hunyinwenti nanjiejue [Marriage of dispersely employed deaf people is difficult]. Chinese Deaf People, 2, 29.
Huang, J., Guo, B., & Bricout, J. C. (2009). From Concentration to Dispersion: The Shift in Policy Approach to Disability Employment in China. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 20(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207308325008
Huang, S. (2019). Ten years of the CRPD’s adoption in China: Challenges and opportunities. Disability & Society, 34(6), 1004–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1604384
Huang, S. (2020). International Rights and Local Realities: Transnational Allies of the Disability Rights Movement in China. In A. C. Carey, J. M. Ostrove, & T. Fannon (Eds.), Research in Social Science and Disability (pp. 19–39). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-354720200000012004
Huang, S. (2021). From State Humanitarianism to Equal Citizens: The Making of Disability Subjects in China. Made in China Journal, 6(1), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.22459/MIC.06.01.2021.10
Huang, S. (2022). Activating disability care: The formation of collective disability care networks in China’s COVID-19 outbreak. Disability & Society, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2022.2045188
Huang, Y., & Chen, B. (2022). Disability Rights Advocacy in China: Inclusive Education, Civil Society, and Mobilizing Ideas. In M. H. Rioux, J. Viera, A. Buettgen, & E. Zubrow (Eds.), Handbook of Disability (pp. 1–14). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1278-7_5-1
Jin, Y. (2001). The All China Women’s Federation: Challenges and Trends. In P.-C. Hsiung, M. Jaschok, & C. N. Milwertz (Eds.), Chinese women organizing: Cadres, feminists, Muslims, queers (pp. 123–140). Berg.
Jing, X. (1986). Wenxixian mouxiefulichang buneng zhengqueduidai canjiren [Some welfare factories in Wenxi failed to treat disabled people appropriately]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 5, 3.
Jing, X. (1987). Jieshoupiping gaijingongzuo [Accepting criticisms, improving work]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 4, 3.
Judd, E. R. (2002). The Chinese women’s movement between state and market. Stanford University Press.
Kohrman, M. (2005). Bodies of difference: Experiences of disability and institutional advocacy in the making of modern China. University of California Press.
Lei, Y. (2018). The contentious public sphere: Law, media, and authoritarian rule in China. Princeton University Press.
Li, S. (1982). Zenyangkandai shehuifuligongchang zai zhengdunzhongde yixiewenti [How to understand the problems of social welfare factories under reform]. Chinese Deaf People, 3, 2–3.
Li, Z. (1985). Xinnianzhi duzhezuozhe [New-year messages to readers and authors]. Chinese Deaf People, 1, 1.
Li, Z. (1988). Manglongzhiyin dezuji [Journey of Voices]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 12, 2–4.
Liao, H., & Luo, G. (2010). Cong guojia dao shichang—Zhongguodalu canjiren jizhongjiuye zhengcebianqian (1949~ 2007) [From State to Market—Policy Change in Disabled People’s Concentrated Employment in Mainland China]. Learning and Practice, 10, 94–100.
Liao, J. (2020). The quota system for employment of people with disabilities in China: Policy, practice, barriers, and ways forward. Disability & Society, 36(2), 326–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2020.1833311
Lin, Z. (2021). Writing down our happiness and dreams: Essay contest and the statist narratives of deaf identity in China. Disability & Society, 36(1), 38–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2020.1715923
Lu, X., & Perry, E. J. (Eds.). (1997). Danwei: The changing Chinese workplace in historical and comparative perspective. M. E. Sharpe.
Ma, Y. (1988). Taiyuan mangrenlongyarenjulebu kaifang [Taiyuan blind and deaf-mutes’ club is open]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 3, 5.
Ma, Z. (2020). Promises and perils of Guan. Medicine Anthropology Theory, 7(2), 150–174. https://doi.org/10.17157/mat.7.2.747
Ma, Z., & Ni, Z. (2020). Hero With Zeroes?: Tensions of Using an Anti-Discrimination Framework and an Impact Case Approach for Disability Rights Advocacy in China. Disability Studies Quarterly, 40(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v40i4.7039
Meng, Z. (1982). Yaozhanling baxiaoshiyiwai zhendi [Occupy the battlefield outside the eight hours]. Chinese Deaf People, 6, 11.
Nanjing Association. (1982). Longyarenmaihua buhefa [Deaf-mute painting-selling is illegal]. Chinese Deaf People, 4, 11–12.
Pan, Y., He, S., & and total 13 disabled people. (1990). Canjiren zijineng jiancanlian ma? [Can disabled people ourselves form federations?]. Disability in China, 4, 8.
Perry, E. J. (2002). Challenging the mandate of Heaven: Social protest and state power in China. M.E. Sharpe.
Shakespeare, T. (2013). The social model of disability. In L. J. Davis (Ed.), The Disability Studies Reader (4th ed., pp. 197–204). Routledge.
Shi, G. (1999). Fuli shengchan yu fuli shiye wushinian [50 Years of Welfare Production and Welfare Programs]. Chinese Civil Affairs, 8, 42–43.
Stein, M. A. (2010). China and Disability Rights. Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 33(1), 7–26.
Stone, E. V. (1998). Reforming disability in China: A study in disability and development [PhD Dissertation, The University of Leeds]. https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2293/1/Stone_EV_Sociology_Social_Policy_East_Asian_PhD_1998.pdf
The Association. (1986). Guanyu zhengding 1987nian manglongzhiyin detongzhi [Notice on the call for subscription for 1987 Voices]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 10, 32.
Tsai, W.-H., & Liao, X. (2021). Institutional Changes, Influences and Historical Junctures in the Communist Youth League of China. The China Quarterly, 248(S1), 161–180. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741021000813
Unger, J., & Chan, A. (1995). China, corporatism, and the East Asian model. The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 33, 29–53.
Voices. (1982). Bianzhedehua [Editor’s words]. Chinese Deaf People, 1, 31.
Voices. (1983a). Duzhelaixin zhaibian [Selected readers’ letters]. Chinese Deaf People, 4, 31.
Voices. (1983b). Yongqinlaode shuangshou kaichuang meihaode shenghuo [Create a beautiful life with hard-working hands]. Chinese Deaf People, 1, 13–16.
Voices. (1986a). Dao xingdongde shihoule [It’s time to take actions]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 1, 2.
Voices. (1986b). Manglongzhiyin yuekan zhengqiu 1987nian dinghu [Voices magazine calling for 1987 subscribers]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 10, 32.
Voices. (1986c). Shenyang fushizhang jiumangrenzhigong fangchangjiawenti zuochu sandianzhishi [Shenyang vice mayor’s three instructions regarding the issue of blind workers on long holidays]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 1, 4.
Voices. (1986d). Taiyuanshi mangren longyaren julebu yingjinkuai tuihuan [Taiyuan blind and deaf-mutes’ club should be returned promptly]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 1, 2–3.
Voices. (1987). Wenguo zexihao [Making up for mistakes is great]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 4, 4.
Wang, Y. (1987). Chuyi canjiren jingji wenti [Brief discussion on disabled people’s economic problem]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 7, 4–5.
Wang, Z. (1988). Zuohao canjiren xinfanggongzuo [Improve work regarding disabled people’s peititoning]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 9, 4.
Wei, C., & Lu, Q. (1982). Jianyizhizhi zhezhong “maihua”xianxiang [Suggest to stop such “painting-selling” phenomenon]. Chinese Deaf People, 1, 29.
Wu, C., Yan, A., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Wu, M., & Li, Y. (1982). Yaoqiuguihuan julebu [Demand to return the club]. Chinese Deaf People, 3, 31.
Wu, X., & Wu, W. (2022). Mapping the development of disabled people’s organizations in China: Main types and current status. Disability & Society, 37(2), 351–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2021.1989667
Xin, M. (1986). Qingzunzhong tamende pingdengquanli [Please respect their equal rights]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 3, 2.
Yan, S. (1988). Zhiduzhe [To readers]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 12, 1.
Yin, M. (1982). Lingdaozhongshi jiunengjiejue [As long as leaders care, it can be resolved]. Chinese Deaf People, 6, 12.
Yue, B. (1986). Shehuifulichangde mingyushi [The name and truth of social welfare factories]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 5, 2–3.
Zeng, Z. (1986). Gaikanhoude manglongzhiyin rengcezhong longren [New Voices still prioritizes deaf people]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 1, 27.
Zhang, C. (2017). ‘Nothing about us without us’: The emerging disability movement and advocacy in China. Disability & Society, 32(7), 1096–1101. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2017.1321229
Zhang, N. (1986). Fangmeisanji [Essay on visiting America]. Voices of the Blind and the Deaf, 3, 26–27.
Zhang, P., & Guan, H. (1990). Longren nengfou jincanlian gongzuo [Can deaf people work at the federation?]. Disability in China, 4, 8.
Zhao, S. (1982). Xuanyalema, youweiweiwan [It’s not too late to stop]. Chinese Deaf People, 3, 9.
Zhu, Y. (1982). Longyaren hejianquanren keyijiehunma? [Can deaf-mute and able-bodied people get married?]. Chinese Deaf People, 4, 31.
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Author Biography
Di Wu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Di Wu is a PhD candidate at the History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology, and Society program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Her research focuses on the relationship between disability, labor, and technology in contemporary China. Prior to PhD, she managed disability inclusion programs at nonprofits in China.