The Formation of the Deaf Community in China, 1887-1945
Main Article Content
Keywords
Deaf, China, Disability
Abstract
Based on memoirs, newspapers, and other historical materials, this article foregrounds National Association for the Deaf People ("中华聋哑协会") in the formation of the Chinese deaf community before and during the War of Resistance (1937-1945). In addition to the proliferation of Chinese sign language studies, this article examines the extent to which the formation of deaf-only businesses, deaf people's participation in wartime mobilization, and the proliferation of deaf education contributed to the consolidation of the deaf community in China.
References
Anonymous. (1922). A Newly Built Deaf School. Education Magazine, 15 (12).
Anonymous. (1903, April 10). A Proposal for Following (Japan) in Building Blind-and-Deaf Schools. Shi Bao.
Anonymous. (1934). A Visit to the Deaf School, The Register of Education in Luan Country in Hebei Province.
Anonymous. (1938). Brief News of the Association’s Affairs. Yin Duo, (1).
Anonymous. (1939). Brief News of the Association’s Affairs. Yin Duo, (10).
Anonymous. (1939). Bulletin of Members. Yin Duo. 1938, (1).
Anonymous. (2001). Dalian Shi Zhi. Zhong Yang Wen Xian Chu Ban She.
Anonymous. (1939, October 10). Deaf Schools across the Nation. Xinwen Bao.
Anonymous. (1937, March 6). Deaf People's World is Restricted. Xinwen Bao.
Anonymous. (1939). Introduction to Deaf Artists. Yin Duo, (7-8).
Anonymous. (193). Members’ News. Yin Duo, (10).
Anonymous. (1941, August 30). Notes on the Written Dialogue with Deaf People.” Shen Bao.
Anonymous. (1939, January 4). Notes on the Chinese Association for the Deaf People's Art Exhibition. Shen Bao.
Anonymous. (1938). On the Way to Shanghai. Yin Duo, (4).
Anonymous. (1900). Report on the School for the Blind and the Deaf at Tokyo Japan. The Association Review, (2).
Anonymous. (1936, June 19), Student Life, Xinwen Bao.
Anonymous. (1939). Talk about the National Survey of “Tong Bing”. Yin Duo. (10).
Anonymous. (1939). The Association’s News. Yin Duo, (5).
Anonymous. (1937, October 9), The Chinese Association for the Deaf People, Dagong Bao.
Anonymous. (1939). The Commercial Prosperity of the National Association for the Deaf People Affiliated Zhi Yong Fine Art Cooperative. Yin Duo, (7-8).
Anonymous. (1937, June 7). The Founding Convention of the National Association for the Deaf Yesterday. Shen Bao.
Anonymous. (2000). The Gazetteer of Jiangsu Province. Jiangsu Gu Ji Chu Ban She.
Anonymous. (1936, May 1). The Local Deaf Community Launched the National Association for the Deaf People in China, Shen Bao.
Anonymous. (1939, January 2). The Opening of the National Association for the Deaf People’s Art Exhibition in Shanghai Middle School Yesterday, Which Displayed over 800 Objects. Shen Bao.
Anonymous. (1943, October 24). The Shanghai Fu Ya School Trains the Deaf Talented, Shen Bao.
Anonymous. (1943, October 25). The Shanghai Fu Ya School Trains the Deaf Talented 2, Shen Bao.
Anonymous. (1943, October 26). The Shanghai Fu Ya School Trains the Deaf Talented 3. Shen Bao.
Bays, D. H. (1999). Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Stanford University Press.
Callaway, A. (2000). Deaf Children in China, Gallaudet University Press.
Chai, Z. (1938). Notes on the Visit to the Tianjin-based Deaf People's Painting Exhibition. Yin Duo, (3).
Dauncey, S. (2017). Special and Inclusive Education, in W. J. Morgan, Q. Gu, & F. Li (Eds.), A Handbook of Education in China, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Books. pp. 290-313.
Edwards, R. A. R. (2012). Words Made Flesh: Nineteenth-century Deaf Education and the Growth of the Deaf Culture. New York University Press.
Konishi, N. (1912). Discussion of Blind-and-deaf Education, Education Magazine.
Lin, H. (2021). Early Development of Chinese Sign Language in Shanghai Schools for the Deaf. Frontiers in Psychology, (12).
Liu, P. & Zhang D. (1992). The Biography of Zhang Jian. Jiangsu Wen Yi Chu Ban She
Lü, P. (1999). Records of Visits to Schools in Japan. Hang Zhou Da Xue Chu Ban She.
Lytle, R. R., Johnson, K. E., Yang, J. H. (2001) Deaf Education in China: History, Current Issues, and Emerging Deaf Voices, American Annals of the Deaf, 150 (5).
McLeister, M. (2019). Worship, Technology and Identity: A Deaf Protestant Congregation in Urban China, Studies in World Christianity, 25(2).
Mills, A. T. (1905). Work for the Deaf-Mutes in China. American Annals of the Deaf, 50 (5).
Mitter. R. (2010). A Bitter Revolution: China's Struggle with the Modern World. Oxford University Press.
Stapleton, K. E. (2000). Civilizing Chengdu: Chinese Urban Reform, 1895-1937. Harvard University Press.
Sun, W. (1997). Gazetteer of Nanshi District. Shanghai She Hui Ke Xue Yuan Chu Ban She.
Wan, S. (2021). Annetta T. Mills and the Origin of Deaf Education in China, Canadian Journal of Disability Studies, 10 (1).
Yu, Q. (2004). Gazetteer of Education in Zhejiang Province. Zhe Jiang Da Xue Chu Ban She.
Yuling. (1932, April 5). The General Condition of Deaf People in China, Shenbao.
Yang, F. (2014). Records of a One-Hundred-Day Trip in Japan and Three Additional Documents. Feng Huang Chu Ban She.
Zhang, J. (2016). Zhang Jian' Diary of His Trip to Japan in 1903. Yue Lu Shu She.
Zhou, Y. (1980). The Chinese Finger Alphabet and the Chinese Finger Syllabary, Sign Language Studies, 1028 (1).
Anonymous. (1903, April 10). A Proposal for Following (Japan) in Building Blind-and-Deaf Schools. Shi Bao.
Anonymous. (1934). A Visit to the Deaf School, The Register of Education in Luan Country in Hebei Province.
Anonymous. (1938). Brief News of the Association’s Affairs. Yin Duo, (1).
Anonymous. (1939). Brief News of the Association’s Affairs. Yin Duo, (10).
Anonymous. (1939). Bulletin of Members. Yin Duo. 1938, (1).
Anonymous. (2001). Dalian Shi Zhi. Zhong Yang Wen Xian Chu Ban She.
Anonymous. (1939, October 10). Deaf Schools across the Nation. Xinwen Bao.
Anonymous. (1937, March 6). Deaf People's World is Restricted. Xinwen Bao.
Anonymous. (1939). Introduction to Deaf Artists. Yin Duo, (7-8).
Anonymous. (193). Members’ News. Yin Duo, (10).
Anonymous. (1941, August 30). Notes on the Written Dialogue with Deaf People.” Shen Bao.
Anonymous. (1939, January 4). Notes on the Chinese Association for the Deaf People's Art Exhibition. Shen Bao.
Anonymous. (1938). On the Way to Shanghai. Yin Duo, (4).
Anonymous. (1900). Report on the School for the Blind and the Deaf at Tokyo Japan. The Association Review, (2).
Anonymous. (1936, June 19), Student Life, Xinwen Bao.
Anonymous. (1939). Talk about the National Survey of “Tong Bing”. Yin Duo. (10).
Anonymous. (1939). The Association’s News. Yin Duo, (5).
Anonymous. (1937, October 9), The Chinese Association for the Deaf People, Dagong Bao.
Anonymous. (1939). The Commercial Prosperity of the National Association for the Deaf People Affiliated Zhi Yong Fine Art Cooperative. Yin Duo, (7-8).
Anonymous. (1937, June 7). The Founding Convention of the National Association for the Deaf Yesterday. Shen Bao.
Anonymous. (2000). The Gazetteer of Jiangsu Province. Jiangsu Gu Ji Chu Ban She.
Anonymous. (1936, May 1). The Local Deaf Community Launched the National Association for the Deaf People in China, Shen Bao.
Anonymous. (1939, January 2). The Opening of the National Association for the Deaf People’s Art Exhibition in Shanghai Middle School Yesterday, Which Displayed over 800 Objects. Shen Bao.
Anonymous. (1943, October 24). The Shanghai Fu Ya School Trains the Deaf Talented, Shen Bao.
Anonymous. (1943, October 25). The Shanghai Fu Ya School Trains the Deaf Talented 2, Shen Bao.
Anonymous. (1943, October 26). The Shanghai Fu Ya School Trains the Deaf Talented 3. Shen Bao.
Bays, D. H. (1999). Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Stanford University Press.
Callaway, A. (2000). Deaf Children in China, Gallaudet University Press.
Chai, Z. (1938). Notes on the Visit to the Tianjin-based Deaf People's Painting Exhibition. Yin Duo, (3).
Dauncey, S. (2017). Special and Inclusive Education, in W. J. Morgan, Q. Gu, & F. Li (Eds.), A Handbook of Education in China, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Books. pp. 290-313.
Edwards, R. A. R. (2012). Words Made Flesh: Nineteenth-century Deaf Education and the Growth of the Deaf Culture. New York University Press.
Konishi, N. (1912). Discussion of Blind-and-deaf Education, Education Magazine.
Lin, H. (2021). Early Development of Chinese Sign Language in Shanghai Schools for the Deaf. Frontiers in Psychology, (12).
Liu, P. & Zhang D. (1992). The Biography of Zhang Jian. Jiangsu Wen Yi Chu Ban She
Lü, P. (1999). Records of Visits to Schools in Japan. Hang Zhou Da Xue Chu Ban She.
Lytle, R. R., Johnson, K. E., Yang, J. H. (2001) Deaf Education in China: History, Current Issues, and Emerging Deaf Voices, American Annals of the Deaf, 150 (5).
McLeister, M. (2019). Worship, Technology and Identity: A Deaf Protestant Congregation in Urban China, Studies in World Christianity, 25(2).
Mills, A. T. (1905). Work for the Deaf-Mutes in China. American Annals of the Deaf, 50 (5).
Mitter. R. (2010). A Bitter Revolution: China's Struggle with the Modern World. Oxford University Press.
Stapleton, K. E. (2000). Civilizing Chengdu: Chinese Urban Reform, 1895-1937. Harvard University Press.
Sun, W. (1997). Gazetteer of Nanshi District. Shanghai She Hui Ke Xue Yuan Chu Ban She.
Wan, S. (2021). Annetta T. Mills and the Origin of Deaf Education in China, Canadian Journal of Disability Studies, 10 (1).
Yu, Q. (2004). Gazetteer of Education in Zhejiang Province. Zhe Jiang Da Xue Chu Ban She.
Yuling. (1932, April 5). The General Condition of Deaf People in China, Shenbao.
Yang, F. (2014). Records of a One-Hundred-Day Trip in Japan and Three Additional Documents. Feng Huang Chu Ban She.
Zhang, J. (2016). Zhang Jian' Diary of His Trip to Japan in 1903. Yue Lu Shu She.
Zhou, Y. (1980). The Chinese Finger Alphabet and the Chinese Finger Syllabary, Sign Language Studies, 1028 (1).
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Published
Jan 20, 2024
Article Details
Section
Research Articles and Essays
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Author Biography
Shu Wan, University at Buffalo
Shu Wan is currently matriculating in the Department of History at the University at Buffalo. His research interests include the history of disability and special education in North America and East Asia in the 20th century.